Star Charts and Their Many Uses

The night sky is a fascinating place to explore. Most backyard skygazers begin by stepping out each night and marveling at whatever appears overhead. In time, however, nearly everybody gets the urge to know about what theyre seeing.  Thats where sky charts come in handy.l Theyre like navigational charts, but for exploring the sky. They help observers identify stars and planets in their local skies. A  star chart  or a  stargazing app is one of the most important tools a skygazer can use.  They form the backbone of specialized astronomy apps, desktop programs, and are found in many astronomy books.   Charting the  Sky To get started with star charts, search out a location on  this handy Your sky page. It  lets observers select their location and get a real-time sky chart. The page can create charts for areas around the world, so its also useful for people planning trips who need to know what the skies will contain at their destination. For example, lets say someone lives in or near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They would scroll down to Fort Lauderdale on the list​ and click on it. It will automatically calculate the sky using the latitude and longitude of Fort Lauderdale as well as its time zone. Then, a sky chart will appear. If the background color is blue, it means the chart is showing the daytime sky.  If its a dark background, then the chart shows the night sky.   The beauty of these charts is that a user can click on any object or area in the chart to get a telescope view, a magnified view of that region. It should show any objects that are in that part of the sky. Labels such as NGC XXXX (where XXXX is a number) or Mx where x is also a number indicate deep-sky objects. Theyre probably galaxies or nebulae or star clusters. M numbers are part of Charles Messiers listing of faint fuzzy objects in the sky, and are worth checking out with a telescope. NGC objects are often galaxies. They may be accessible through a telescope, although many are fairly faint and hard to spot. Astronomers over the ages have collaborated on and created different lists of sky objects. The NGC and Messier lists are the best examples and are the most accessible to casual stargazers as well as advanced amateurs. Unless a stargazer is well-equipped to search out faint, dim, and distant objects, the advanced lists really arent of too much importance to backyard-type skygazers. Its best to stick with the really obvious bright objects for good stargazing results.Some of the better stargazing apps also allow a user to connect to a computerized telescope. The user inputs a target and the charting software directs the telescope to focus on the object. Some users then go on to photograph the object (if theyre so equipped), or simply gaze at it through the eyepiece. There is no limit to what a star chart can help an observer do.   The Ever-Changing Sky Its important to remember that the sky does change night after night. Its a slow change, but eventually, dedicated observers will notice that whats overhead in January is not visible in May or June. Constellations and stars that are high in the sky in the summertime are gone by mid-winter.  This happens throughout the year. Also, the sky seen from the northern hemisphere is not necessarily the same as what is seen from the southern hemisphere. There is some overlap, of course, but in general, stars and constellations visible from the northern parts of the planet arent always going to be seen in the south, and vice-versa.The planets slowly move across the sky as they trace their orbits around the Sun. The more distant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn, stay around the same spot in the sky for a long time. The closer planets such as Venus, Mercury, and Mars, appear to move more quickly.   Star Charts and Learning the Sky A good star chart shows not only the brightest stars visible at a given location and time but also gives constellation names and will often contain some easy-to-find deep-sky objects. These are usually such things as the Orion Nebula, the Pleiades star cluster, the Milky Way galaxy that we see from inside, star clusters, and the nearby Andromeda Galaxy. Learning to read a chart enables skygazers to know exactly what theyre looking at, and leads them to explore for more celestial goodies.  Ã‚   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Essay on Serial Dilutions - 616 Words

Serial Dilution Activity Many applications require the determination of microbial numbers. Those applications can be either clinical or in a research setting. Clinical applications include determination of antibiotic efficacy and as well as therapy. Research applications include determination of the effectiveness of antimicrobial chemicals, radiation, etc. The viable count is most common or standard method used to quantitate bacteria. With this method only microbes that are alive and able to reproduce can be counted. Since microbes grow into such large numbers it is extremely difficult to perform this without diluting the microbial culture first. A key concept here is the ability of microbes such as bacteria and fungi to form visible†¦show more content†¦I would take test tubes of different concentrations of the bacterial samples put one sample of each on a petri dish; diluting the large amount of bacteria to different concentrations. A dilution of 200 X 10^-6 = 2x 10^8 cfu/ml. You would go about finding this out by taking four other test tubes adding 1.0 ml of to one of the test tubes and shaking them. I would use a general wide series of dilutions ranging from 10^2 to 10^8. After shaking this test tube #1 with 10^8 dilution, you would take a pipet and transfer 1.0 ml aseptically to the next test tube of 10^6. Shake the test tube of 10^6 dilution and aseptically transfer 1.0 ml to the test tube of 10^4 dilutions. Shake the test tube of 10^4 dilution and aseptically transfer 1.0 ml to the test tube of 10^2 dilution with a pipet. Now shake the test tube of 10^8and take a new pipet transfer 1.0 ml to one petri dish and 0.1 ml to another petri dish. Do this same task to test tubes 10^6 and 10^4. I would then go about mixing a agar with the 10^8. I would do this to the remaining plates and allow the agar time to cool and harden. When the plates have hardened I would then go about counting the plates that have between 25-250 colonies. This how I would go about double checking the accuracy of the concentration of thisShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Chemical Substance1561 Words   |  7 Pagesspectrophotometer. This device consists of a spectrometer that produces light of any color (wavelength), and a photometer which measures the intensity of the light.2 In this experiment serial dilutions will be performed and from this, calibration curves will be produced. New solutions will be created from these dilutions and each new concentration will be found by using the concentration and volume formula given in the manual. In addition, Beer’s Law will be utilized to determine the concentrations ofRead MoreSpectrophotometer: Concentration and Standard Curve Essay805 Words   |  4 Pagesspectrum to determine the concentration of light absorbing molecules in a solution. (p.59) In this particular lab, our mission was to determine the protein concentration and the standard curve of the unknown sample of BSA. This, by preparing five dilutions of the unknown solution of BSA together with other known concentrations, and then experimenting by observing how the concentrations were passed through the spectrophotometer. The outcome resolved in the absorption levels being decreased, and thisRead MoreEssay about Micro Lab Project757 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Rotibi ABSTRACT: Accurate evaluation of bacterial colonization as a predictive index for alfalfa sprouts has relied on a quantitative culture technique that provides exact colony counts per gram of tissue by culture of five serial dilutions of the alfalfa water. In this study 1 package of alfalfa sprouts were cultured by a semi-quantitative technique that enumerated the number of gram-negative enteric organism in 1 ml of alfalfa water. Exact colony counts from the experiment wereRead MoreBacterial Enumeration of Various Meat Products1161 Words   |  5 Pagescurrently collected samples of hamburger, suspension were transferred via serial dilution, and then transferred onto spread plates and pour plates. The samples were permitted to culture for approximately one week, and then enumerated through use of colony counting methods. Although, methods were taken to transfer each sample to their dilutions aseptically, any contamination may result in skewed results; however, the dilution number will directl y influence the number of bacterial colonies that formRead MoreThe Isolation Of Milk Whey904 Words   |  4 Pagesset of five serial dilutions of BSA and the purified samples were made as shown in Table * and *, respectively. Table 1. BSA standard serial dilutions. Cuvette Serial Additions 0.01% SDS Volume Dilution Factor 1 50  µL of 1 mg/mL BSA 950  µL 50  µg/mL 2 500  µL of #1 500  µL 25  µg/mL 3 500  µL of #2 500  µL 12.5  µg/mL 4 500  µL of #3 500  µL 6.25  µg/mL 5 500  µL of #4 500  µL 3.125  µg/mL 6 Discard 500  µL of #5 500  µL 0  µg/mL Table 2. Serial dilutions of purified ÃŽ ±-lactalbumin. Cuvette Serial Additions 0Read MoreLab Investigation : Cell Purple Dye Solution1042 Words   |  5 Pagesto the guiding question of: how to make 1 L of Pirate Purple dye. Section 2 Performing this lab, a serial dilution was set up for the red and blue dyes. After labeling 5 beakers A-D and a Stock of 30 mL of the dye solution, 10 mL of the Stock solution plus 10 mL of water was transferred into beaker A; then 10 mL of beaker A plus 10 mL of water into beaker B and so forth. After the serial dilutions of the red and blue dyes were taken, the molarity and absorbance for both dyes were calculated. UsingRead MoreQuestions On The Quantification Of Light Absorption And Transmittance As A Function Of A Solution1804 Words   |  8 Pagesthe procedure involved serial dilution. In other words, 50% of the original sample was transferred to container number two and diluted to the mark. This step was repeated with the rest of the containers; the idea was to reduce the concentration of each container by a factor of  ½. The unknown was dissolved as instructed in the label and the absorbances of four trials were obtained, to account for a 95% certainty on the concentrations reported. Sample of serial dilutions in Figure 2. (VolumesRead MoreAntibacterial Effects Of The Chloramphenicol Antibiotic On Escherichia Coli1473 Words   |  6 Pagesrange of 25ÃŽ ¼g/mL and 170ÃŽ ¼g/mL. Methods and Materials Our study took place in a laboratory in Duncan Hall at San Jose State University. The chemistry department of San Jose State University supplied our materials. We conducted serial dilutions and calculated our dilution factors using the equation: C1V1=C2V2 The study resulted in a series of agar plates containing E. coli and Chloramphenicol. The plates had progressively higher antibiotic concentrations (from no antibiotic on one end and excessRead MoreGrowth Curve Report1680 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowth of yeast is measured by using spectrophotometer and hemocytometer.We learnt how specthophotometer and hemocytometer use and also we learnt qualifications of hemocytometer and spectrophotometer.Serial dilution was used for this experiment and it was very important.Because of the serial dilution,we measured the number of yeast cells. The graph of growth curve was drawn and bacterial life cycle was understood with the graph.The purpose of the experiment was to calculate and draw bacterial growthRead MoreEssay Quantitave Plating642 Words   |  3 Pagessee the effects of pasteurization while emphasizing the process for serial dilutions. PROCEDURE See references (1) RESULTS As the dilution factor increased for both the raw milk (unpasteurized) and pasteurized milk samples, the number of colonies decreased. The number of cells/mL in the pasteurized milk sample is considerably less than the number of cells/mL in the raw milk sample. RAW (UNPASTEURIZED) SAMPLE Dilution Factor | Number of Colonies | Number of cells/mL | 10-3 | TMTC |

Analysis Of Learning Through Simulation On Teamwork And...

2 Analysis of learning through simulation 2.1 Personality and learning Clashing personalities and conflicting assigned roles led to problems with group dynamic and identity, affecting teamwork and decision making. As part of the Everest simulation, each group member was given a different role at random. This led to the issue where some group members’ personalities did not suit the role they were given and forced some members to step out of their comfort zone, in particular, where the least confident member became leader and the most dominant member in the group was given the role of photographer. As such, there was a slight underlying leadership struggle that led to the nominal leader often yielding and going along with decisions to avoid conflict. The leader’s low self-esteem also led to a very democratic and flat team hierarchy, which had a significant impact on the team’s decision-making style. The group was predominantly extroverted and judgment-inclined, with half the group having an inclination for sensing and feeling, and the other for intuition and thinking, according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; Myers McCaulley, 1985). The leader rated as an ISFP, with marginal preference for introversion, while the most dominant member of the group was found to be ENTJ, the opposite end of scale. Due to the different preferences and styles of making decisions, members came to decisions at different paces; slower thinkers felt some pressure to speed up and comeShow MoreRelatedQuality And Safety Education For Nurses1142 Words   |  5 PagesQuality and Safety Education for Nurses Teamwork and collaboration are capable to effectively function within professional teams, remaining respectful, mutual decision-making, and developing open communication to attain the optimal quality of care for patients. 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Economic Value of the Business

Question: Discuss about the Economic Value of the Business. Answer: Introduction: Valuing ones business is a method which provides the estimate of the economic value of the business. A valuation is a tool in financial markets that helps the owner of business to determine the value of they will receive for their business if they sell it in the current market scenario. It is processed by which present value of the business is determined, by discounting the expected cash flows and other factors taken into consideration. Business valuation is done for various purposes such as mergers, acquisitions, etc. There are various accounting principles which require the assets of an organization to be shown at their historical values in the financial statements (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Because of this reason it is very difficult to determine the true value of business in the current market. While valuing the business these assets are taken at their market values which help to determine the true value or worth of the business. In the given case, we need to value a small hotel wh ich is situated on the outskirts of a large town. Key factors affecting the value of the hotel An indepth local knowledge along with sector knowledge is required to come at proper valuation of a hotel. In order to derive the proper valuation of the hotel, the valuation officers need to consider both trading performance and transactions market. The major factors affecting the value of a hotel include profitability, location, threats, demographics, conditions and also risk involved in investments. Profitability in hotel business is best estimated from the net profit earned. Now this net profit figure will have to be adjusted upward or downwards keeping in mind the management of the hotel. Good management adds value to the business whereas bad management declines it. Location of the hotel is one of the major factors affecting its value (Eugene Philip, 2011). Whether it is located in the city or outside the city, whether it is a holiday spot, convenience such as public transport, traffic flow, etc. all affects the value of a hotel. Talking about threats, if there are competitors in that area, then the profit margins is likely to be in the same level. If they are new in the business and operating only in a single area then the margin of profit is bound to increase that will have a strong impact on the profits (Williams, 2012). The value should also keep in his mind the demographic trends. It should see what age group of people mainly use their service so that they can make arrangements accordingly. There is risk involved in hotel management so the capitalization rate includes a lot of adjustments; the calculation of this rate is very challenging for the person valuing the hotel. Other factors such as condition of the building, efficiency of the bar, fire prevention measures, entertainment facilities etc. effects the value of a hotel (Eugene Philip, 2011). Methods to Value Hotel Business There are majorly three approaches which are used to value a hotel. These are the income capitalization method, sales comparison and cost approach. In order to select the method of valuation the nature of hotel and also the strengths of each method should be evaluated so that the best approach suitable can be identified. Also there are thumb rules which help to provide a rough value of the hotel. But mostly income capitalization approach is mostly used to value the hotel business (Christensen, 2011). The basis of income capitalization approach is that the value of business is based on the profits earned, or future benefits that can be earned from them. The value of the income generating properties such as hotels is based on future estimated incomes and expenses of such properties along with the estimated sale value of such property on near future. Now these cash flows are discounted using the capitalization rate, which help to determine what can be the value of hotel in future. The e stimated cash flows under this process are adjusted and then discounted in order to determine the value of the hotel. The methods which is used by the investors is very similar to that of income capitalisation approach because of which it is most commonly used approach for valuation. The cost approach of valuation of hotel business involves considering the current replacement value of the property which is adjusted with depreciation (Parrino et. al, 2012). Also the value of the land is then added to this net value of the property to have a total estimate. This cost approach is valuation is effective mostly in the cases of new properties. The old properties are prone to depreciation and improvements which make it difficult to determine the correct value. This method is given very less preference while valuing hotels since it requires a lot of estimates for depreciation which makes it unreliable (Davies Crawford, 2011). The sales comparison approach involves valuing the property usin g the recent sale value of a similar property. In order to determine a correct value, the sale value of this property is adjusted keeping in mind the similarities and dissimilarities among these properties. This approach is suitable for vacant lands, family homes or other properties where there is relatively less number of adjustments (Spiceland et. al, 2011). Whereas for more complex properties such as market buildings, shopping malls, etc; this approach loses its reliability. Within the income capitalisation approach there are two variants used to value hotels. One is an after tax model that provides estimates for investment value and the other is income capitalization approach used in valuation of hotels which are owned by publically traded lodging companies (Christensen, 2011). The former variant incorporates the tax rate in order to derive the net benefits derived from the hotel business, whereas the later, incorporates the concept of Economic value added. There are a lot of fa ctors which affect the value of a business. It is very difficult to incorporate all these factors while valuing the hotel. But income capitalization approach is the one which almost covers all these factors. Hence, providing the valuation officers a correct basis for valuation of hotel business (Graham Smart, 2012). Need to make adjustments before valuation While valuing a business by from of balance sheet one simply cannot rely on them to present the true value of business because they dont reflect the economic reality. They are based on mere assumptions, accounting principles and income tax regulations. The accounts may also include some transactions which are not recorded at correct amounts or certain adjustments have been made in them to meet requirements. Adjustments in the accounts of an entity are made before valuation so that reflect the economic reality. This adjustment procedure is known as normalization. Normalized accounts of an entity provide improved comparison to industrial statistics and other similar companies. They also provide a better picture of the companys earnings capacity, on which the business is valued. Here are few examples of adjustments and reasons for the same. Adjustments made in transactions entered into with related parties. The actual position is not reflected when it comes to the method of arms length. There are various transactions that need to be removed when determination of the business is being done. Certain expenses are not necessary and do not relate with the business and therefore the expenses needs to be eliminated. Accounting principles helps the financial statements in computing the estimates. It is immaterial that these expenses should be in tune to the actual estimation. Hence, it is vital that such uncertainty should be eliminated (Needles Powers, 2013). This is done by normalization of the financial statements. In order to eliminate the effect of non-recurring and sudden events and transactions from the financial statements, these adjustments are required. This helps the valuators to find the value the business correctly under normal circumstances (Brealey Myers, 2011). This helps to provide a value which is comparable with other entities working in the same industry under same circumstances. Critique of the profits methods Therefore we see that this hotel operates in the outskirts of the town and has increasing revenue every year. This year it reported having a profit of 300,000. This shows that there are no many competitors in the area and also the location of the hotel is good to attract customers. This hotel should be valued using income capitalization approach, as it would be the most suitable method of valuation for this type and nature of business. It is very necessary to value the business from time to time so that the investor can make an estimate of how his business has been performing. It helps the investor to know how much value has been created by his investments. While valuing an asset or business, the reason behind its valuation should be known. The method of valuation should be selected keeping in mind the users of this valuation report (Brealey Myers, 2011). The method which is best suitable for the situation should be applied. Hence, the valuator should apply due diligence also while carrying out the valuation process. References Albrecht, Steve, Stice, Earl and Stice, James, Financial accounting (Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western, 2011) Brealey, Richard and Myers, Stewart, Principles of corporate finance (New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011). Eugene, Brigham and Philip, Daves, Intermediate financial management (USA: Cengage, 2011) Christensen, John, Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, 20(1), 2011, 41-51 Davies, Tony and Crawford, Ian , Financial accounting (Harlow, England: Pearson, 2011) Graham, John. and Smart, Scott, Introduction to corporate finance (Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012) Needles, Belwert and Powers, Marian, Principles of Financial Accounting (Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning, 2013) Parrino, Robert, Kidwell, Davis. and Bates, Thomas, Fundamentals of corporate finance (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012) Spiceland, David., Thomas, Wayne. and Herrmann, Don, Financial accounting (New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press, 2011) Williams, Nickles, Financial accounting (New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2012)